A brief history of modern biology

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# A brief history of modern biology

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  <a href="/training-material/hall-of-fame/nekrut/" class="contributor-badge contributor-nekrut"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/nekrut?s=36" alt="Anton Nekrutenko avatar" width="36" class="avatar" />
    Anton Nekrutenko</a>
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# Charles Darwin
.center[The fabric of biology: 1809 - 1882]

![Darwin](./images/darwin.png)

Provisional theory of pangenesis. All sperm, egg, buds consisted of multitude of gemmules given off by “ *each separate atom of the organism* ”.

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# Francis Galton
.center[Experimental validation: 1822 - 1911]

![Galton](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sir_Francis_Galton_by_Gustav_Graef.jpg/453px-Sir_Francis_Galton_by_Gustav_Graef.jpg)

Blood transfusion in rabbits produces no evidence to support provisional theory of pangenesis.

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# Darwin gets pissed

![Darwin letter to Nature](./images/darwin_nature.png)

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# Gregor Johann Mendel

.center[Quantifiable heredity: 1822 - 1884]

.pull-left[
![Mendel](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg/442px-Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg)
]

.pull_right[
- Born in Austro-Hungarian Empire (1822)
- Admitted at the Augustinian monastery in Brno (1843)
- Studies in Vienna with Doppler, Ettinghausen, Redtenbacher, Fenzl, and Unger (1851 - 1853)
- Teaches at the Monastery (1853 - 1868)
- Grows 28,000 plants and analyzed seven pairs of traits
]

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# Mendel gets lucky

![Mendel results](./images/mendel_results.png)

.footnote[(From [Magner 2002](https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0824708245))]

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![Mendel cartoon](./images/mendel_cartoon.png)

.footnote[(From [Gonick Wheelis 1991](https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9780062730992))]

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# Perhaps too lucky

![Mendel re-examination](./images/mendel_reexamination.png)

.footnote[(From [Sturtevant 2001](https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9780879696078))]

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# deVreis/Correns/Tschemak

.center[The Rediscovery]

![DCT](./images/dct.png)

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# Meanwhile chromosomal theory evolves

.center[

- Species have a constant number of chromosomes
- Equal numbers come from egg and sperm
- Reduction is accomplished by divisions
- Chromosomes are bearers of hereditary material

]

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# The fly room

.center[

Morgan/Sturtevant/Bridges/Muller

- Chromosomes contain hereditary information
- Genes are linearly distributed along chromosome
- Gene is a unit of information
- Gene can define characteristics such as eye color, wing shape etc.

]

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# Academic competition!

![Muller Scribble](./images/muller_scribble.png)

.footnote[(From [Carson 2004](https://www.amazon.com/Elof-Axel-Carlson-Classical-2004-03-13/dp/B00DJ4VBXY))]

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# But what is the carrier of information?

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# The Church of Phage

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# Delbrück, Luria, Hershey

![dlh](./images/dlh.png)

NP 1969: " *discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and genetic structure of viruses* "

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# Luria Delbrück Experiment

![Fluctuation test](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Luria-delbruck_diagram.svg/459px-Luria-delbruck_diagram.svg.png)

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# Hershey-Chase experiment

.pull-left[
![Hershey and Chase](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Scientist_Alfred_Hershey_and_Martha_Chase.jpg/754px-Scientist_Alfred_Hershey_and_Martha_Chase.jpg)
]

.pull-right[
![Hershey-Chase experiment](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hershey_Chase_experiment.png/758px-Hershey_Chase_experiment.png)
]

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# Lederberg-Tatum experiment

Genetic recombination in *E. coli*

![Lederberg-Tatum Experiment](./images/lt.png)

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# Blender again!

![Genetic distance in bacteria](./images/blender.png)

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# DNA

- **Crick, Franklin, Watson, Wilkins** | the structure of DNA
- **Meselson, Stahl** | semiconservative replication
- **Ochoa, Kornberg** | enzymatic synthesis of nucleic acids
- **Holley, Nirenberg, Khorana** | the code

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# Crick, Franklin, Watson, Wilkins

DNA is an antiparallel double helix

![Crick, Franklin, Watson, Wilkins](./images/cfww.png)

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![Three papers](./images/three_papers.png)

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# Meselson, Stahl

DNA replication is semiconservative

![Meselson, Stahl](./images/ms.png)

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# Meselson-Stahl experiment

CsCl gradient centrifugation

![Meselson, Stahl experiment 1](./images/ms1.png)

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![Meselson, Stahl experiment 2](./images/ms2.png)

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# Gene function

- **Lwoff, Jacob, Monod** | genetic map and gene regulation
- **Beadle, Tatum** | one gene = one protein
- **Pauling, Ingram** | molecular disease

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# Lwoff, Jacob, Monod

Lysogeny, prophage, genetic maps, gene regulation

![Lwoff, Jacob, Monod](./images/ljm.png)

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![Regulation](./images/reg.png)

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# Reverse Transcription, Recombinant Age

- **Temin, Baltimore** | reverse transcription
- **Cohen, Boyer** | recombinant methodologies
- **Berg** | SV40
- **Maxam, Gilbert, Sanger** | sequencing is here

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# Berg experiment

![Berg experiment](./images/berg.png)

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# PCR

.pull-left[
![PCR1](./images/pcr1.png)
]

.pull-right[
![PCR2](./images/pcr2.png)
]

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# DNA Sequencing is here!

![Wu, Sanger, Gilbert, Mullis](./images/wsgm.png)

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## Thank You!

This material is the result of a collaborative work. Thanks to the [Galaxy Training Network](https://training.galaxyproject.org) and all the contributors!

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		<td><abbr title="These people wrote the bulk of the tutorial, they may have done the analysis, built the workflow, and wrote the text themselves.">Author(s)</abbr></td>
		<td>
			
  <a href="/training-material/hall-of-fame/nekrut/" class="contributor-badge contributor-nekrut"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/nekrut?s=36" alt="Anton Nekrutenko avatar" width="36" class="avatar" />
    Anton Nekrutenko</a>
  
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		<td><abbr title="These people reviewed this material for accuracy and correctness">Reviewers</abbr></td>
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  <a href="/training-material/hall-of-fame/shiltemann/" class="contributor-badge contributor-shiltemann">
    <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/shiltemann?s=36" alt="Saskia Hiltemann avatar" width="36" class="avatar" />
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  <a href="/training-material/hall-of-fame/hexylena/" class="contributor-badge contributor-hexylena">
    <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/hexylena?s=36" alt="Helena Rasche avatar" width="36" class="avatar" />
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  <a href="/training-material/hall-of-fame/nekrut/" class="contributor-badge contributor-nekrut">
    <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/nekrut?s=36" alt="Anton Nekrutenko avatar" width="36" class="avatar" />
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